The Components of Language and Integrated Literacy Instruction

Specified language components comprise the foundation on which early literacy builds in the primary grades. Linguists have identified these five essential components: phonology (the relationship between speech sounds and letters), morphology (significant parts of words), syntax (word order in sentence structure), semantics (making meaning from words), and pragmatics (the use of language in social contexts) (ASHA, 2019). These components are prerequisites for building higher-order language skills, including analyzing, synthesizing, evaluation, inferring, interpreting complex language, and utilizing text structure knowledge (Bloom, 1956). The social constructivist perspective promotes literacy instruction through the integration of reading, writing, and oral language, as well as integrating literacy instruction across content areas (Raphael & Hiebert, 2013).